Airplane with nonstalling and glide angle control characteristics



April 25, 1944. I I I ZUCK I 2,347,230 AIfiPLANE WITH flONSTALLING AND GLIDE ANGLE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS I Filed Dec. 16, 19 8 4 Sheets-She'et 1 April 25, 1944; I D. R. zUcK 7,2 AIRPLANE WITH NONSTALLING AND GLIDE ANGLE CON'IRQIZ: CHARACTERISTICS Filed Dec. 16, 1938 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 Q d; INVENTOR.

q A 40W 2 2% April 25, 1944. A "D. R. ZUCK AIRPLANE WITH NONSTALLING AND GLIDE ANGLE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS Filed Dec. 16, 1938 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR.

ApriLZS, 1944. E U A 2,347,230

AIRPLANE WITH NONSTALLING AND, GLIDE ANGLE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS Filed Dec. 16, 1938 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Patented Apr. 25,

AIRPLANE WITH-NONSIALLING AND GLIDE ANGLE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS Daniel R. zuck, 5... Diego, cam. Application December 1c, 1938, Serial No. 246,153

s Claims.

This invention relates to aircraft, the improvement of flying and taxiingcharacteristics.

The primary object of this-invention is to provide an airplane with greater inherent safety for the novice and the amateur flyer. Included in this object is the purpose of providing an airplane which shall be impossible to stall, to spin, to dive excessively, or to intentionally, or unintentionally perform any other maneuver which will induce a stall, a vicious spin, or an excessive rolling movement takes place, the lateral axis which extends from wing tip. to wing tip and normal to the plane ofsymmetry and is the axis about which, longitudinal pitching takes -place,' governing the ascent and descent of the airplane.

In'the past airplanes have usually been controlled directionally about a vertical axis by means of a rudder disposed vertically on the tail dive, thereby curbing the perilous nature of an airplane as a common carrier in private air transportation.

Another object is to provide an airplane capable of controlled descent at any given speed within the speed rangeof the airplane." The speed range of an airplane is described as the range existing between the maximum speed minimum speed at which flight in a horizontal path can be maintained.

Another object is to provide perfect and uninterrupted control of the airplane in allcircumstances regardless of the speed or the attitude of the airplane with respect to the relative wind. The relative wind may be described as 'exist.

Another object is to provide an airplane capable of navigating with greater control and stability while on the ground in taxiing to and from the takeoff runway; to be capable of taxiing in strong cross-winds with carefree abandon without realizing the peril of nosing over, ground-looping, or any other common hazards which are realized by an airplane with an inherent lack of stability and control, and which are commonly associated of the airplane located usually far behind the center of gravity, and laterally about a'longitudinal axis by means of ailerons located near the tips of the wings, and longitudinally about a lateral axis by means of an elevator attached to the tail of the aircraft and normal to the plane of the rudder.- I propose to divorce the usual function of control of yawing and pitching motion from the vertical and horizontal tail surfaces respectively, permitting them to retain a that can be attained in level flight and the function of indirect importance, namely that of stabilizing the pitching and yawing movement of the fuselage with respect to the path of flight, by means of swingably mounting the wings on alateral axis having the center of pressure of the air forces slightly to the rear of said lateral axis, and equalizing the unbalanced moment created by said center of pressure of air forces to the rear of said lateral axis by means of servoaction created by an auxiliary control surface preferably integrally mounted within the plan form of the wing, and'said' control surface being directly controlled by the pilot for the purpose of governing all possible, attitudes and all possible directions-of the flight of the airplane.

It is recognized that earlier patentees disclosed fore and aft tilting of the wings for longitudinal control or control of ascent and descent, and differentialtilting of the wings'for lateral or rolling movement control. Heretofore these patentees have failed to disclose, or contemplate in or in part which give the aircraft properties to with the conventional airplane while on the An airplane to maintain controlled flight must be steerable and stable about three axes. These three axes are known as: the vertical axis which through the center of gravity of the airplane and is the pivotal axis about which movement or yawing takes place, the longitudinal axis which passes from the front to the rear sustain safe and unstalled flight in all possible circumstances. While an earlier patentee disclosed in Patent Number 1,945,520 provisions for trimming the longitudinal attitude of the wings with respect to the lateral 1 axis for hands-on flight in a straight path by means of an auxiliary control surface placed at a distance arrears of the trailing edge of the wing, all rolling movement control about the longitudinal axis and pitching movement control of the wings about a lateral axis is obtained by direct manual control by means of a freely movable control mechanism connected to the wings proper. This is little,.if any,

through the fuselage and is the axis about which improvement over the conventional airplane, for

the airplane constructed in accordance with above said patent is permitted to retain all the oldvices of the conventional airplane, that of being wilfully or unwilfully stalled and spun. Neither have earlier patentees disclosed any contemplation or means of locating the center of gravity of the wing plus the weight of the con- ,trol surface on or near the lateral axis about which the wing is designed to rotate within a limiting range. Locating the center of gravity in accordance with the above description is an important feature of the following described invention.

In my invention I propose to support the wings independently of eaclr other to the fuselage with freedom of fore and aft tilting about a lateral axis with no direct manual or mechanical control to the wings; control of said wings shall be obtained by means of servo-action of a movable portion of the trailing edge, or a movable control surface, or

-'a movable airfoil mounted within the trailing edge as an integral part of the plan form of the wing. I also propose to mount the wings to the fuselage with a certain amount of dihedral angle with respect to each other, or to mount said wings to the fuselage with a certain amount of gull-wing 'efiect in each individual wing as an integral form built intojthe wing spanwise on a plane parallel to the vertical axis of the airplane; with wings which are designed to tilt fore and aft as above described said dihedral or said gull-wing efl'ect have the peculiar properties of controlling the direction of flight in a horizontal plane as well as in a vertical plane, thereby eliminating the necesimportance in controlling the path of fiight, it is therefore possible to further increase the merits of my invention by providing the tail surfaces with properties to subject the airplane to a decelerating or drag increasing influence, or what might more aptly be termed a glide angle control or regulator; to function in this respect the tail surfaces disposed vertically and horizontally may retain their normal shape and outline and appearance except they need not be. broken into two sections as:' the fixedly mounted fin and the,

swingably attached rudder thereto for the vertically disposed tail surfaces, and the fixedly mounted horizontally disposed stabilizer and thereto swingably attached elevators for the horizontal tail surfaces, but the entire vertical surface may be mounted as a fin and the entire horizontal surface as' a stabilizer. To the horizontal stabilizer and the vertical fin may then be mounted split flaps which when closed conform as an integral part of the plan-form of the tail surface,

and when operated to the open position create an artificial resistance or drag opposed to the forward motion of the airplane, and when opened suddenly will have a temporary decelerating influence on the forward motion of the aircraft until a steeper angle of glide can be assumed, at which time the aircraft will again maintain its original speed; a freely movable'manually operated control will facilitate the operation of said flaps by the pilot, thereby making controlled angle ofdescent at any one given speed possible.

Sudden and indiscreet application of a severe retarding or decelerating influence'such asthe above and hereinafter described would induce the normal airplane to begin a critical stall to be instantly followed by a vicious spin before the following paragraphs is not subject to stalling tendencies in any circumstances, sudden and indiscreet operation of said flaps will not cause undue peril to the occupants of the aircraft.

Another object is to eliminate the necessity of an aircraft pivoting on its wheels,-when said aircraft is on the ground,'so as to increase the angle of attack of the wings in order to fly off the ground. Said wheels on the conventional aircraft are located usually near the center of gravity. thereby inducing the airplane to "nose over if the brakes are abruptly applied. With my invention the center of gravity may be located, with respect to the front and rear wheels, in a position to forestall any nose over tendencies, for it will not be necessary to pivot the airplane on its front or rear wheels to fly oil. the ground.

How the foregoing objects and advantages are secured, together with others which will occur to those skilled in the art, will be more apparent from the following description making reference to the accompanying drawings, in which- Figure l is a perspective view of the airplane. illustrating the general outline of the airplane, the pilot operable wing control-surfaces, and the pilot operable, glide-angle regulators comprising oppositely actuating flaps on the tail of the airplane; I

Figure 2 is a side view of the airp1ane,,a portion of the body being broken away to show the pilot operable controls and cooperating mechanism to the angle of glide regulators and rockable stabilizer on the tail of the airplane;

Figure 3 is a fragmental front view of the airplane, illustrating a force diagram for each wing on a span-wise plane of the wing;

Figure 4 is a sectional view taken .on the line lM-Illl in Figure 3;

Figure 4A is a force diagram on a plane parallel to the wing chord and through the lateral pitching axis x:c;

Figure 5 is a top view of the left wing illustrating. the unique planform and design of the wing structure;

Figure 6 is an enlarged sectional view taken on the line 96-96 of Figure 5 showing the disposition of the wing structure andcounter-balance;

Figure '1 is a perspective view of the pilot operable control wheel and the cooperating mechanism to the wing control-surface;

Figure 8 is an enlarged fragmental section of the fuselage illustrating the pilot operable controls associated with my invention;

Figure 9 is an enlarged detail view of the horizontal stabilizer showing the glide-angle regulator in the two-thirds of full open position, also showing the cooperating units in operating the same;

Figure 10 is an enlarged sectional view taken I aa iaaao on the line i2-i2 of Figure 2, and showing the glide-angle regulator on the vertical fin in the two thirds .of full open positiontogether with the cooperating units in operating said glide-angle regulator; i t

Figure 11 is a modified form of the glide-angle regulator, a form permitting a wider range-of glide angle control by reason of its greater effectiveness as a drag increasing device, the broken lines indicating the glide-angle regulator and cooperating units in full open position and the solid lines showing said glide-angle regulator in about the 90 percent of full open position;

Figure 12 is the modified form of glide-angle regulator in the fully closed position, the broken lines indicating the position of the cooperating Figure 13 illustrates the modified form of glideangle'regulator, described in Figures 11 and 12,

in reduced scale installed upon the tail of an airplane, and showing the modification necessary in the cooperating control mechanism to operate said modified form of glide-angle regulator;

Figure 14 is a sectional view taken on the line 91-91 inFigure 13 showing the wells which accommodate the supporting-arm, necessary to support the cooperating units of the modified glide-angle regulator described by Figures 11 and Figure 15 shows the advantageous location ofv the'front portion of the undercarriage or landing .respect to the horizon, or if natural human reaction did not receive its sense of control fromthe attitude of the aircraft with respect to the horison but naturally and unerringly responded to the directionof the. relative wind' when'controlling the flight of an airplane, and if brakes, decelerators, drag augmenting devices, angle of glide regulators, flaps-or similar devices could be used 'with impunity without placing a premium on skill there would be no basic need for my invention.

A lifting airfoil has the peculiar property of suddenly losing its lift after reaching a maximum at an angle of attack of aboutdegrees, and said angle of attack has for its line of reference the direction of the relative wind. which in the course of flight is oblivious to the sight and sense of the pilot.

Controlled ascent and descent of an aircraft is negotiated by means of increasing and decreasing the lift of the wing; .when more lift is created .than is necessary to, sustain level flight the aircraft takes an angular upward path; when less lift is created than is n to sustain level flight the aircraft takes an angular downward path. Said change in lift may be efi'ected by varying the speed for any one constant angle of attack. or 'by varying the angle of attack for any one constant speed. In both mentioned instances a change in altitude occurs which can be sensed and thereby serving as a guide to the operator of the aircraft, always remaining the indeterminate factor is the relative wind and the angle of attack relative thereto which only indirectly, and sometimes mistakably, is registered'by its effect, namei? lift; a sudden loss of lift is sensed by the pilot to indicate that a greater angle of attack is necof control he soon learns to his feeling of insecurity that the sudden loss of lift indicated an angle of attack beyond the maximum lift, and to correct such a condition it is necessary to intentionally nose-dive the airplane to regain proper cbntrol, regardless of the airplane's proximity to the ground. Thepllot's attention is thus continually diverted from the control of the aircraft to that of anticipating a stall and suspecting the slightest irregularity.

Besides the dangerous stall the airplane, as it is commonly known, is seriously handicapped by still another critical limitation. Piloting said air- J plane is much like driving an automobile withoutbrakes; if said airplane has acquired too much much speed or altitude, which is potential velocity, to landat the desired spot it is necessary to make another circuit and try again; in paralleling this incident in an automobile without brakes, it would be necessary for the driver to drive in a circuit until he developed enough skill to have the car stop rolling at the desired spot. My invention is not subject to this limitation as will be noted by those skilled in the art, nor is is susceptible to a critical stall as shall be illustrated by the following paragraphs.

In my invention, above referred to with the aid of the accompanying drawings, I have eliminated the hazard'of stalling by the peculiar design of control the flight by sensing the variation in lift without fear of indirectly or directly inducing a stall by indiscreet control, or by inattention to the control of the aircraft.

, The drawing of Figure 1 illustrates an airplane of the monoplane type with wings 4 which taper essary to create more lift, and after'acting accordingly and much to'his confusion the airplane not only continues to losemore lift but in plan form, both toward the tips and toward the fuselage from the midpoint of the semi-span, with a control surface 6 integrally mounted in the trailing edge midway between the wing tip and fuselage I, on the'right and ,left wing respectively. A

i The wings 4 are swingably attached to the fuselage independently of 'each other by means of a shaft 85, said shaft passing laterally through the top of the fuselage and iournalling into a housing N which is contained on the fuselage end of' each wing I, right and left respectively; 7

and in mid semi-span each wing is hinged, by means of fitting 63 and bearing 66, to the vertex of the triangle formed by drag strut 8 and lift strut s. whose base ends are fixedly attached to the lower portion of the fuselage. There are no mechanical connections to wings 4 for the purposeof guiding, limiting the movement, or manually turning said wings on their lateral axis :r--:r. The only obvious stops to limit the tum-- ing movement of each wing on lateral axis 1-:

are structural limitations clearly indicated in Figure 4. showing the spar as an obstruction to anti-clockwise rotation.

As shall be explained in the following paragraphs, limitations to the turning movement on lateral axis 2-: of each wing in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions are imposed by setodynamic forces. with respect to the relative The elastic chord ll' longitudinally disposedwithin the fuselage, having its elastic action prop- 4 erly directed towings 4, right and left respecl tively, by means of guides I08, is attached to said wings by means of fitting I01, thereby bringing the said wings to a neutral position with respect to the fuselage I when aerodynamic action is non-existent, as when the 'air plane is at rest on the ground. The elastic actionof elastic chord ii is easily capable of overcoming the turning inertia of the wings 4 but said elastic action is easily overcome by the aerodynamic forces imposed upon the Wings 4.

The wing 4 illustrated in Figure 5 and Figure 6 is a unique structure designed for the p rp of disposing the center of gravity of said wing on or near the lateral pitching axis :c:c. Said wing structure is comprised of a single spar 84 of the conventional type, laterally disposed foreward of thelateral pitching axis :c-z, designed to resist the normal bending forces; a leading edge spar 86, laterally disposed foreward of the main spar 64 conforming to the plan form of the leading edge, designed to resist the drag loads and torsional moment imposed upon said wing; ribs built in two sections, trailing edge 89 and leading edge 92, disposed on a plane normal to the spar and spaced laterally within the plan form of the wing, said ribs consisting of upper and lower cap strips 90 and interconnecting structural members 9|; a covering 81 on the upper and lo'wersurface of the leading edge to a distance arrears of the laterally disposed spar 84, designed to resist torsion and shear stresses imposed upon said wing by the lift and drag loads respectively; a laterally disposed false spar 88, sectionaliy installed between the laterally spaced trailing edge ribs 88, designed to equalize the torsion stresses of opposite direction imposed by the upper and lower surface respectively, said false spar 88 completing an efllcient torsion resisting cell which can be symbolized by the capital letter D; suitable hinge fittings I09 to swingably support control-surface 8; a fabric covering suitablygsloped to envelope the entire wing structure; a counter-balance 85 consisting of lead or similar substance disposed in the leading edge to place the center of gravity of the wing 4 in its entirety v on or near the lateral pitching axisz-x.

Control-surfaces 6 on the respective wings 4 are operated by the pilot, simultaneously in the same directionby moving the control wheel 18 as movement as indicated by arrows l5 and I8, said bearing 84 being fixedly secured to the cockpit structure 82; to the end of shaft 14 opposite the wheel 18 are outwardlyextending two arms 13 directly opposed to each other and at right angles to the shaft 14; to the ends of said arms I3 are universally connected link rods 12 upwardly extending and universally connecting to the rearwardly and upwardly extending arms of rockable T members II, the universal connections being indicated by 80 and'8l respectively; said rockable 'T members H are swingably and individually supported on short shafts l0 suitably housed in bearings not shown; to the opposuitably attached the free ends of a steel control cable 51, which by means of suitably supported pulleys I02 and I03 is guided into the wings around a larger pulley-58, said steel cable thus transmits rotational movement to the larger pulley 58, which is suitably supported by bearing 59; said rotational movement of pulley 58 is transmitted to control-surface 6 by means oi! link rod 56, with suitable bearings 55 and 60 bea the theoretical resultant of the positive lift site ends of .each said rockable T'member H are 78 in-g contained at each'end of said link rod.

- Thus by means of a separate steel cable 51 and its cooperating mechanism to each wing 4 simultaneous movement of control surfaces 6 in the same direction, and simultaneous movement in opposite directions is facilitated respectively by fore and aft movement and rotational movement of the pilot operable control wheel I8.

The force diagram, Figure 4A, illustrates an equation-of moments, summation of moments about LR is equal to zero, Wx-LNyDz-Tz='0; W symbolizes the weight of the airplane; LR is forces; LN is the theoretical line of action of the negative lift forces, created and regulated by the pilot operable control-surface 6; Rw is the relative wind perpendicular to LR and W, and is the reference line for determining the angular relation of C-C, said C-C symbolizing the chord of the airfoil; :c, y, and z are respective distances of the applied forces from the axis of rotation 68.

LR, 5|, in Figure 3 is angularly disposed to the fuselage at an angle equal to 0 for the reason of the combination gull-wing and dihedral; I0 and 52 are the vertical and horizontal components of force respectively of the resultant LR, 5|, said vertical and horizontal components of force varying directly as the magnitude of LR; a difference in magnitude LR, 5|, between the right and left wings 4 causes an unbalanced relation between the respective vertical and horizontal components, thereby causing a rolling motion and directional displacement of the airplane; when no unbalanced relation exists between said respective force components 50 and 52 of each wing 4, tl 'ere is no rolling motion or directional displacement of the airplane, said airplane will then continue in a straight line with respect to the and installed on the fuselage I as herein disclosed are not subject to stalling tendencies for several reasons, the most obvious reason being an eflective reduction ,of the .angle of attack of that portion of each wing 4 forward of the control surface 6, said, angle of attack being eflectivelyreduced by the upturned control-surfaced thereby preventing a complete stall and sudden fallingloff of the maximum lift; another reason obvious to those skilled in the art is that a highly tapered lifting airfoil stalls progressively from the shorter chords toward the longer chords, and thereby gives the control-surface the benefit of the unstalled portion of the wing; stillariother reason is that a control surface becomes inactive when functioning in the wake of a stalled airfoil, therefore control-surface 6 loses its power to exert its influence beyond the angle of complete stalling of the wings 4; thus irrespective of the position of the pilot operable control-surface 6 beyond a certain upwardly pivoted position, wings 4 seek an unstalled relation with the relative wind, thereby safely allowing the control of the pedal 40 and the hand lever 3.6. Said hand lever- 36 is termed, as a stabilizer adjustment, and is capable of being moved to, and maintained in any predetermined position within said levers operating range by means of a spring loaded trip, said trip not being shown but is actuated by actuating trip lever 83. Hand lever 36, by means of a cooperating mechanism, actuates the rockable.

horizontal stabilizer to trim the attitude of the fuselage with respect to the path of flight; if the fuselage I is tall heavy said stabilizer 5 is given an increased angle of attack to raise the tail thereby giving the fuselage the desired angular position with respect to the path of flight, no further ad-,

justment then being necessary unless the pilot 4 may desire to have the fuselage level with respect to the horizon when making' the steep descents which are-possible with the operation of the glide-angle regulators I.- Said fuselage I may thus, by meansof stabilizer 5 and cooperating mechanism to thepilot-operable lever 36, be rotated to any selected angular attitude without influencing the flight path ofthe airplane.

The external tail surfaces on the tail of the airplane comprise substantially a fixedly secured vertical fin 3 and a rockably attachedhorizontal stabilizer 5. right and left respectively. s rockably attached to the fuselage I by means of the tubular spar ends 26 being journaled in respective fittings 21 which are fixedly secured to said fuselage; and

outwardly extending from the bottom of the fuselage are struts l0 and II which by a suitable fitting not shown support the rockable stabilizer 5 near the tips in its role of controlled rotation on a lateral axis. e

. From the leading edge of each respective stabilizer section 6 is inwardly extended a leading edge span, to which is swingably secured a link 2|, the opposite end of which is hinged to a rearwardly extending arm of hell crank 3|; said bell crank 3| is rockably supported by shaft 30 suitably secured in a bearing housing not shown. To

the downwardly extending arm of bell crank 3| is connected 9. link rod 32 whose opposite end connects to the downwardly extended arm of actuating hand lever 36, said actuating hand lever 36 being suitably hinged on bearing 31.

On the fixedly secured vertical fin 3 and the I rockably attached horizontal stabilizer 6 are integrally'contained oppositely actuating fiaps fl, said flaps 1 comprising a portion of the trailing edge divided into two sections oppositely supported by respective hinges I6. A sectionalporing link I4 is hinged at 13 to the fixedly.secu.red'

fitting 29; Said link l4 serves as a guide to direct the movement of link rod 22. l3,l5, and I! are bolts which retain the respective mechanisms in assembly. The above said link rod 22 is connected at its forward end to the longitudinally Said stabilizer 5, in two sections reasons: First, due to their nature of operation disposed link rod 66 and the downwardly extended link which is hinged at 33, said link 34 serving to guide the movements of link rods 65 and 22. The foreward end of link rod 66 is connected at 39 to the downwardly extended arm of the foot pedal 40. Said foot pedal 40 is hinged at 38 and rotatably actuated by the pressure of the pilots foot. At the junction of link rods 65, 22, and 34 is connected a wire spring 35, which creates an elastic force opposing the pressure of the pilots foot, thereby serving to close the oppositely actuating flaps I, or glide-angle regulators as they numerously have been referred to, to permit a streamlined and unobstructed flow of air over the stabilizer 5. a

The modified form of glide-angle regulators 1a illustrated in Figures 11 and 12 are capable of creating a larger drag than are those described in the previous paragraphs as flaps 1. The said glide-angle regulators 1a, which shall also be referred to interchangeably as flaps for convenience, are capable of producing greater drag per unit fiap area than flaps I for several obvious they disturb a larger projected area of air, and thus said flaps 1a change the flow of a greater volume of air; and second said flaps function as lifting airfoils opposing each other, thus building up a tremendously high pressure areaforward of the fiaps 1a and a correspondingly low pressure area aft of said flaps.

The operation of flaps 1a is eifected by a slideable shaft 43 in a rack 43. To said shaft 43' are'attached two links 44, one connecting to the upper flaps Ia at and the other connecting to the lower flap 1a at 4|. ported on two axes of rotation; 4| and'42, by-links and 46,said links 45 and 46 being hinged respectively at 4! and 46 to an outwardly extended arm 43 from the stabilizer 5. Fore and aft movement of shaft 43 as indicated at 43b and 43 illustrates the position of shaft 43 in the fully opened and fully closed position respectively of flaps 1a. Numbers with the letter b attached, as 46b, indicate the position of the cooperating units 'of flaps Ia when said flaps are fully opened, and numbers with the letter 0 attached, as 46c,

indicate the position of the cooperating units of fiaps la when said flaps are fully closed. 43,-4l, and 41 describe the vertices of a triangle with a variable base 43-41 effected by the shaft 43 sliding in the rack 43. As flap la is connected to the vertex of said triangle at 4| a sympathetic movement is given to link 46; said link inturn induces a turning motion in said fla la. Thus flap la is given a rotational movement about axis 4| as said fiap moves vertically and longitudinally with respect to the stabilizer 6.

In Figure 13 the modified flaps la are illustrated installed upon an airplane. A slight modification in the cooperating mechanism to the pilot operable foot pedal 40 is necessary to operate said flaps 1a. The rearwardly, extending fitting of link rod 22 is modified as 22a with a' shaft I00 projecting at right angles through the aperture of said fitting, and into the adjacent racks 43 paralleling said link rod 22a. An endless steel cable 96 is'supported in a crossed circuit by four pulleys 36 suitably secured in their respective positions as is indicated in Figure 13.

Shafts 43 and I00 are securely attached to cable 6| when said shafts are inthe maximum forward position of their respective racks 43'. Thus, mo-

tion transmitted by the pilot operable foot pedal 40 to link 22a produces a sliding motion of shaft The flap la is sup- 43, which as previously described with the aid\of Figure 11 and Figure 12 operates fiaps la. In Figure 14 are shown accommodating wells lill in the flaps To for the supporting arm 48, thereby enabling said flaps to close fiush to form a streamlined stabilizer.

The accompanying table herewith included, is a mathematical illustration of how effectively an airplane embodying my invention may vary its angle of glide for any predetermined velocity and angle of attack. At 88-miles per hour at an angle of attack (reference line is relative wind) of 4 degrees the normal glide angle is 10.7 degrees; with the glide-angle regulators opened 33%, as

, given in column a, the glide angle is changed to similar variations in the glide angle can be effected throughout the range of glide velocities.

Any greater or less range of glide angle regulation can be designed into an'airplane by providingthe proper amount of efiective fiap area to producethe desired results. The figures given in the table are based on an airplane embodying glide-angle regulators of the type I, and not In which per same unit of fiap area would correspondingly increase the range of glide angle control.

As mentioned numerous times, the direction of the relative wind is the reference line indeteron wheels I05, nor is this hazard likely to be realized if said wheels meet an obstruction.

An airplane embodying my invention as herein described is a simple and safe airplane in which to introduce-the novice to flying, and it will be recognized by'those skilled in the art as the long awaited private owner type of airplane. Said airplanes operation is made very simple by the elimination of the usual rudder pedals, retaining only the simple wheel control 19 and a single foot pedal; said foot pedal 40 is only used in'land ing to vary the gliding angle, which may be compared to a foot brake pedal in an automobile, as it is used to' jockey the airplane to the desired landing spot Just as thefoot brake pedal is used to stop an automobile at the desired place.

On taking off with said airplane the control wheel 19 may be pulled completely back, or'held in any position necessary to climb the airplane, without fear. of stalling. The only imperative duty, as in level flight, is. to retain the airplane level laterally. When the desired altitude has been attained the control wheel 19 is eased forward until the airplane no longer climbs bodily, which in my airplane is all the way forward, for said airplane cruises at 4 degrees angle of attack which is the minimum angle or attack that wings l are allowed to assume. In turning the airplane to the right or left the control wheel I! is rotated to the right or left respectively and the airplane takes a corresponding curvilinear path with the proper amount of bank. neither skidding nor slipping in said path. And in landing said airplane the power is turned off at any altitude within-reach of the landing field, and since said airplane can neither be stalled nor dived all atmining the angle of attack. Previously I have illustrated how the wings of an airplane embodying my invention would never in any circumstances increase their angle of attack beyond the maximum lift coeflicient (maximum lift). I shall now illustrate how it will be impossible to decrease the angle of attack of wings 4 beyond any predetermined set minimum angle with respect to the relative wind. Said minimum angle of attack shall be governed by limiting the clockwise movement of control-surface 6; this may be accomplished by giving link rod 56 the proper length as can be observed by said link rods con-- nection to pulley 58 at the bearing 60.

.i. In my airplane I have limited the clockwise movement of control-mace 0 to a position to maintain the wing at a angle ofattack of 4 degrees. In referring to the table it will be noted that at 4 degrees angle of attack the airplane has a normal gliding velocity of 88 miles per hour, which is the maximum power of velocitythat can be obtained. At said velocity the nor- 'mal glide angle' is 10.7 degrees which can be increased to 26.7 degrees without any change in velocity by operating the glide-angle regulators 'l. The said airplane ispermitted to make such a change in gliding angles withoutchanging the vangle of attack of wings for the reason that the pilot operable control-surfaces 8 always. in

' all circumstances, automatically maintain the retention can be directed toward jockeying the airplane tothe vdesired landing spot by meansof the glide-angle regulators 1., Upon alighting the brakes to the wheel may be fully applied without any danger of nosing over. and when aerodynamic action on wing 4 ceases the elastic chord l0 restores said wings to a neutral angular position with respect to the fuselage. Said airplane, then, in taxiing will not react bodily to guests of wind which are frequently encountered on the ground.

-Many variations may be effected without departing from the spirit of my invention. For

example: An airplane may embody all the features of my invention except the glide-angle regulators I, lauemploying only the win features; or the features of my wing as herein disclosed may be used without the dihedral or gull-wing effect for directional control; or an autogiro or rotating wing type aircraft may embody the glide regulators I, or Ia, without employing the wings as herein disclosed; or the modified glide regulators 1a may be used on the fixed wing" type airplane installed in the trailing of the main lifting wings inboard from the ailerons. Said lide regulator Ia installed in the wing of the fixed wing type aircraft as described would be especially valuable to military aircraft for dive bombing.

spective wings I in their proper angle of attack.

Since wings I automatically pivot on a lateral axis, it is not necessary to place thefrontor rear wheels it! near the'center of gravity,- as is commonly done, to allow the airpane to pivot bodily on said wheels to increase the angle of attack for taking off. Thusby placing the wheels I05 well forward, said airplane is not in danger of being nosed over by the. application Ofthe bra es 76 flaps. It is tube understood thatthese. together Operation of said slide regulators may be modified so that each flap (upper or lower) of flaps Ia will operate individually or simultaneously. Thus allowing the lower flap to open'while the upper fiap remains closed, thereby effecting a high lift "Fowler fiap" of the type disclosed by an earlier patentee to facilitate the take 08 and landing 'of fixed wing type aircraft. Individual opera-' tion of flaps Ia, upper and lower respectively, may be effected by individually operated shafts 43 in respective racks 49 for each of the respective said with other variations indetails. are anticipated by the appended claims. a

1. An airplane in which directional control of flight on vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes is exclusively attained without use of a tail rudder or elevator comprising a fuselage, cambered wings mounted on the fuselage for free rotation on a lateral axis slightly forward of the center of lifting pressure and devoid of direct pilot control, flight control members pivotally mounted in the wings within the cross 'sectionalform of the same and comprising a part of said cross sectional form, and manually controlled means to selectively move both said flight control members either in the same or relativelyopposite angular directions to. vary the aerodynamic negative lift forces of the members and thu alter the angle of attack of the respective wings.

2. 'In an airplane, the combination of: a fuselage, a fixed vertical tail fima substantially fixed horizontal stabilizer, cambered wings mounted on the fuselage for free rotation on a lateral axis slightly forward of the center of lifting pressure and devoid of direct pilot control, flight control members pivotally mounted in the wings within the cross sectional formof the same, and comprising a part of said cross sectional form,- and manually controlled means to selectively move 3 both said flight control members either in the same or relatively opposite angular directions to vary the aerodynamic negative lift forces of. the

' members and thus alter the angle of attack of the respective wings. a

3. An airplane in which directional control of flight on vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes is exclusively attained without use of a tail rudder or elevator comprising a fuselage, cambered wings mounted on the fuselage for free rotation on a lateral axis slightly forward of the center of lifting pressure and devoid of direct pilot control, flight control members pivotally mounted in the wings within 'the cross sectional form of the same and comprising apart of said cross sectional form. and manually controlled means to selectively move both said flight control members either in control, flight control members pivotally mounted in the wings within the cross sectional form of the sameand comprising a part of said. cross sectional form, and manually controlled means to selectively move both said flight control members either in the same or relatively opposite angular directions to vary the aerodynamic negative lift' forces of the. members and thus alter theangle of attack of the respective wings, the control members being so mounted that their minimum negative lift position. is within the normal aerodynamic proflle of the wings and the wing are so balanced that they assume at minimum an angle ofattack under influence of-aerodynamic force sufllcient for normal flight. I

5. An airplane comprising a fuselage, sustaining cambered airfoils, means separately mounting such airfoils on said fuselage for free rotation on axes lying substantially in a vertica1 later plane passing through the center of gravity of the airplane in normal flight and forwardly of the center of lifting pressure of said airfolls, said-airfoils having no direct pilot mechanical connections for guiding, limiting the movement, or turning the airfoils on their said axes, control surfaces pivotally mounted on said airfoils aft of the center of lifting pressure, and pilot flight controls to commonly or selectively pivot the control surfaces as the flight control elements. 1

6. In an airplane, the combination of a fuselage, a fixed vertical tail fin, a substantially fixed horizontal stabilizer, cambered wings mounted on the fuselage for free rotation on a lateral ax s forward of the center of lifting pressure and substantially at the center of gravity of the airplane in normal flight and devoid of'direct pilot control, flight control members pivotall mounted on the wings, and manually controlled means to selectively move both said flight control members either in the same or relatively opposite angular directions to vary the aerodynamic negative lift forces of the members and thus alter the angle of attack of the respective wings.

-7. An airplane in which directional control of flight on vertical. longitudinal and lateral axes iexclusivel attained without use of a tail rudder or elevator comprising a fuselage, cambered wings mounted on thefuselage for free rotation ona lateral axis slightly forward of the center of lift- ,ing pressure-and substantially at the center of gravity of the airplane. in normal flight and devoid of direct pilotcontrol, flight control'members pivotaily mounted on the wings, and manuthesame or relatively opposite angular directions to vary the aerodynamic negative lift forces of the members and thus alter the angleofattack .of the respective wings, the control members be- A ing so mounted that their minimum negative lift position is within the normal aerodynamic profile of the wings.

4. Am airplane in which directional control of flight on vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes is exclusi 'iely attained without use of a tail-rudder or elevator comprising a fuselage, cambered wings mounted on the fuselage for free rotation on a lateral axis slightly forward of the center ally controlled means to selectively move both said flight control members 'either in the same or relatively opposite angular directions to vary the aerodynamic negative lift forces of the members and thus alter the angle of attack of the respective wings. the wings being so balanced in relation to the control members that they assume at minimum an angle of attack under influence 0f aerodynamic force sufllcient for sustaining flight and to prevent nose dive and at maximum an angle of attack insufllcient to produce a stall.

8 .-An airplane comprising a fuselage, sustaining cambered airfoils mounted on the fuselage forward -of their center of lifting pressure and free to rotateon their lateral axes, said axes being positioned with their point of pivotation substantially at the center of gravity of the airplane.

said wings being statically balanced so that the center of gravity of the wings is substantiall at the point of pivot whenthe airplane is stationary,

' said wings being devoid of direct pilot control,

.9! lifting pressure and devoid of direct pilot control surfac s. pivotally mounted on the wings aft of the center of lifting pressure, and flight controls to commonl or selectively pivot the control surfaces.

9. An airplane in which directional control of flight on vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes isexclusively attained without use of a tail rudder or elevator comprising a fuselage, cambered wings mounted on the fuselage for free rotation on a lateral axis slightly forward of the center of lift the same or relatively opposite angular directions to varythe aerodynamic negativelift forces of the members and thus alter the angle of attack of the respective wings, and pilot controlled flaps mounted independently of the wings to effect a drag variableand thereby vary the glide path angle of the airplane.

10. An airplane in which directional control of flight on vertical, longitudinal and lateral axes is exclusively attained without use of a tailrudder or elevator comprising a fuselage, cambered wings mounted on the fuselage for free rotation on a I lateral axis forward of the center of lifting pressure and substantially at the center of gravity of the airplane in normal flight and devoid of direct pilot control, flight control members pivotally mounted on the wings, manually controlled means to selectively move both said flight control members either in. the same or relatively opposite angular directions to vary the aerodynamic negative lift forces of the members and thus alter the angle of attack of the respective wings, and pilot controlled flap mounted independently 'of the wings to effect a drag variable and thereby vary the glide path angle of the airplane.

11. An airplane comprising a fuselage. sustaining cambered airfoils separately mounted on the fuselage forward of the center of lifting pressure and free to rotate on their lateral axes, said wings having no pilot controlled mechanical connections for guiding, limiting the movement, or turning the wings on their lateral axes. said axes bein mounted on the fuselage with their point of pivotation substantially at the center of gravity of the airplane, control surfaces pivotally mountedfon the wings aft of the center of lifting pressure, pilot flight controls to commonly or selectively pivot the control surfaces, and pilot con: trolled flaps mounted independently of the wings to eflect a drag variable and thereby vary the glide path angle of the airplane 12. An airplane comprising a fuselage, sustaining cambered airfoils mounted on the fuselage forward of their center of lifting pressure and free to rotate on their lateral axes, said axes being positioned with their point ofpivotation substantially at the center of gravity ofthe airplane, and being statically balanced so that the center of gravity of the .wings is substantially at the point of pivot when the airplane is stationary, said wings being devoid of direct pilot control, control surfaces pivotally mounted on the wings aft of the center of lifting pressure, flight controls to commonly or selectively pivot the control surfaces, and pilot controlled flaps mounted independently of the wings to effect a drag variable and thereby vary the glide path angle of the 25 airplane.

13. An airplane comprising a fuselage, sustainsuch airfoils on said fuselage for free rotation on axes Lying substantially in a vertical lateral plane passing through the center of gravity of the airplane in normal flight and forwardly of the center of liftingpressure of'said airfoils, said airfoils having no direct pilot mechanical connections for guiding, limiting the movement, or turning the airfoils on their said axes, control surfaces pivotally mounted on said airfoils aft of the center of lifting pressure, and pilot flight controls to commonly or selectively pivot the control surfaces as the flight control elements, the pivotal mount- 3 ing for said control surfaces and the operative range of said flight controls being so related that said control surfaces are. confined to movement within an arc irrespective of pilot control which will insure at minimum an angle of attack of said airfoils sumcient to prevent nose dives and at maximum an angle of attack insuflicient to .producea stall.

- DANIEL R. ZUCK'.

ing cambered airfoils, means separabl mounting 

